ABSTRACT
Escherichia coli
and Staphylococcus aureus are serious causes of a variety of community and hospital-acquired
infections. E coli is one of the most common nosocomial pathogens that cause
urinary tract infection (U.T. Is ) and enter colitis. S. aureus is also
an etiological infection
agent responsible for significant
levels of morbidity and mortality. Escherichia.
coli accounts for 17.3% of infection behind Staphylococcus aureus (18.8)
in recent years, the emergency of resistant Staphylococcus. aureus and resistant Escherichia. coli strains to many antibiotics has been
observed worldwide. These have become a major concern in global public health
invigorating the need for new antimicrobial compounds. Their taxonomies,
morphology and biochemical characteristics. Habitat and growth characteristics,
the caused infections, their treatment and resistances to antibiotics.
Furthermore,
Thirty people out of which ten Students from the Oke Ogun Polytechnic Saki and
the remaining twenty five are from Appinite junction area, Appinite , best
impact area, Appinite, Longest villa
area, Ajegunle bike stand and Ajegunle, Gbawojo Market inside the Saki town
were selected randomly for sample collection, sterile swab sticks were used to
take the samples from the selected individuals. Results of the test yielded
significant growth of E coli and S aureus
Isolation and
identification of microorganisms particularly Escherichia coli and
Staphyloccocus aureus were carried out using streak plate method, biochemical
and identification test and also biostatistician analysis were also done on
result of the isolate.
Key Words:
E. coli, S. aureus, Antibiotics resistance, Infections, Taxonomy,
Isolation,
Number of words:
250.
TABLE
OF CONTENT
TITTLE i
CERTIFICATION ii
DEDICATION iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iv
TABLE
OF CONTENT v
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
Introduction 1
1.1
Sources of skin infection 1
1.2
Location of Skin Normal Flora 5
1.3
Life on the surface of the skin 6
1.3.1
A Bacterial Sneeze, the Nose 7
1.3.2
A Mouthwash Away 7
1.4 Normal Skin Flora 8
1.5
Aims and
Objective 9
1.5.1 Statement of Problem 10
1.5.2 Justification 10
1.5.3 Scope of the study 11
CHAPTER
TWO
2.0 Literature Review 12
2.1 Overview of skin flora on (E.
coli) 14
Taxonomy
Morphology
and Biochemical Characteristics
Habitat and Growth
Characteristics
Serological characterization of
Escherichia coli
2.1.2 Pathogenic of Escherichia coli 17
2.1.3 Neonatal meningitis caused by E. coli 17
2.1.4 Escherichia
coli and Antibiotic Resistance 17
2.1.5 β-lactic antibiotics 17
2.2.0 Sulfonamides 18
2.2.1 Trimethoprim 19
2.2.2 Quinolones 19
2.3
Overview of skin flora on (S. aureus) 20
2.3.1
Staphylococcus aureus 20
Brief history
Taxonomy
Morphology and growth characteristics
Natural habitat
2.3.2 Virulence
factors of Staphylococcus aureus 23
2.3.3 Pathogenesis of S. aureus 24
Deep-seated infections
Bacteraemia
Metastatic infections
Toxin-mediated diseases
2.4
Antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus 26
2.4.1 Pathogenic
of Staphylococcus aureus. 27
CHAPTER
THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods 29
3.1 Materials to be used 29
3.2 Research
Methodology 30
3.2.1 Collection
of Sample 30
3.2.2 Culture Media 31
3.2.3 Sterilization of materials 31
Glassware
Inoculating chamber
3.2.4- Media and Diluents 31
3.2.5 Culture of organisms 32
Preparation of media
3.3.1 Cultivation of bacteria 32
3.3.3 Streak Plate Method 33
Procedure
for Streaking Method
3.3.4 The isolates were characterized
using the following test 33
3.3.5 Cultural and morphology characteristics 34
3.4 Characterization and Identification of
Microorganism 34
3.4.1 Staining procedure 34
3.4.2 Simple staining 34
3.4.3 Gram Staining 35
3.4.4 Acid Fast Staining 35
3.5
Biochemical Test 35
3.5.1
Catalase Test 35
3.5.2 Oxidase Test 36
3.5.3
Indole Test 36
3.5.4
Methyl
Red And Voges—Proskauer Test 36
3.5.5 Citrate
Test 37
3.5.6 Statistical
Analysis 37
CHAPTER
FOUR
4.0
Result and Discussion 38
4.1 Result 38
4.1.1 Occurrence of Isolates 39
4.1.2 Table I: Characterization and
Identification of bacteria isolate from
normal skin flora within Saki town 39
4.1.3
Table II: Microbiological counts
of E. coli and S. aureus within Saki metropolis (Using ANOVA method). 40
4.1.4 Table III: Occurrence of bacteria species in some of normal skin
flora of human within
Saki town 41
4.1.5
Table IV: Characterization and Identification of E. coli
and
S.
aureus 42
CHAPTER
FIVE
5.0 Discussion 43
5.1 Findings 45
5.2 Recommendation and Conclusion 47
5.2.1 Recommendation 47
5.3 Conclusion 48
REFERENCES
CHAPTER ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
Sources
of skin infection
Infectious diseases are
leading cause of global mobility and mortality (Ryan, 2014). In 1990,
infections cause 16 million deaths, and in 2010, the number of deaths had
fallen to 15 million [W.H.O 2013]. The spread of infectious diseases result as
much from changes in human behavior. Including lifestyle and land use pattern,
increased trade and travel, and inappropriate use of antibiotic drugs as form
mutations in pathogens [Ngwai, 2010].Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia
coli are a major cause of various humans and animals infections. The
first causes skin and soft tissues infections, surgical site infections and
bone and joint infections. Staphylococcus aureus is a common
cause of hospital acquired bacteraemia and it is associated with hospital
acquired respiratory tract infections [Ryan, 2014]. E. coli is
the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTI) in humans [Foxman, 2010],
and is a leading cause of enteric infections and systemic infection [Ngwai,
2010].
The systemic infections
include bacteriamia, nosocomial pneumonia, cholecystitic, cholangitiz, and
peritonitis, cellulites, osteomycelitis and infection arthritis. E. coli
is also leading because of new meningitis [Kim, 2011]. A wide range of
antimicrobial agents effectively inhibit the growth of E. coli.
The β-lactase, fluorguninolones, amino glycosides and trimethoprim-sulfame
thoxoizole are often used to treat community and hospital infections due to E.
coli (Fast M-Bunzeluk, 2012). But antimicrobial resistant isolates,
especially those that are fluoroguinolone resistant and those producing bit
ended spectrum β-lactamonses have increased significantly during the 2,000s and
in certain area in many nococomial and community-acquired E. coli
are now resistant the several important antimicrobial classes (Ortega, 2009).
Penicillinase-resistant
penicillin’s, flucloxacilin, dicloxacillin) remain the antibiotics of choice
for the management of serious mehticillin susceptible S. aureus (M55A)
infections, but first generation cephalosporin (Cefaxiporin, Cephalothin and
cephalexin), clindamycin, lincomycin and erythromycin have important the
suspected roles in less serious MSSA infections such as skin and soft tissue
infections or in patients with penicillin hypersensitivity. All serious MR5A
infections should be treated with parental vancomycin or if the patient is
vancomycin allergic, (Wang H. Dzink, 2011).
Antibiotic’s
resistant staphylococci are major public health concern since the bacteria can
be easily circulated in the environment. Infections due to
methicililn-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MR5A) have increased
worldwide during the past twenty years (Pitout, 2012). Some report of S.
aureus isolate with intermediate or complete resistance to vancomycin
portend a chemotherapeutic era in which effective bactericidal antibiotics
against this organism may no longer be readily available (Pitout, 2012). Multiple
during-resistant S. aureus have
been frequently recovered from foodstuffs (Acc. Ferreira, 2011), water and
bio-film formulation (Doughti, 2011). Nasal mucosa of humans (Karezmarezyk, 2012).
This
paper aims to review the taxonomies, morphology and biochemical
characteristics, habitant and growth characteristics, the caused infections the
treatment and resistance to antibiotics of these two bacteria.
Even
though an individual has a “normal” skin flora it often happen that during his
or her life there are fluctuation in the composition of this florin due to
general health conditions, diet, hormonal activity, age and many other factors.
The
micro organisms most o which are bacteria comprise the normal skin flora also
termed the normal micro biota. They inhibit mainly the inner surfaces of the
body such as the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and genitourinary tract
most are highly adopted to survival and growth in this area despite physical
and chemical condition that discourage many other kind of micro-organisms.
Therefore
the termed normal skin flora implies that these microbes are harmless, and for
the most part that they do not cause disease and are oven beneficial. Most are
commensally, they benefit from the association with the host they benefit the
host in some fashion while thriving in the host body. It is of interest to
learn what these beneficial effects are and how they can be lost due to change
in the normal skin flora cause by the use of the antibiotics or other means,.
In
addition some normal skin flora organism can be opportunistic pathogen that is
they may cause infection if tissue occurred or at specific site or if the
resistance of the body to infection is decrease. This is especially importance
because in recent years there has been a rising incidence of infection and from
this micro organism arises.
FREQUENT VISITOR
THE MAJOR MICROBIAL SYMBIOTANT FOUND ON
OR IN THE SKIN OF HUMAN.
COURTESY OF B.C BLOCK AND J DUCAS, MAN
MICROBES AND MATTER (2010).
1.2
Location
of Skin Normal Flora
Microbes
that colonize the human body during birth or shortly thereafter remaining
throughout life are referred to as normal floral (Scheupelin, 2010). Normal floral
can be found in many sites of the human body including the skin (especially the
moist areas, such as the growing and between the toes), respiratory tract
(particularly the nose). Urinary tract
and the digestive tract (primarily the mouth and the colon). On the other hand,
areas of the body such as the brain, the circulatory system and the lungs are
intended to remain sterile (microbe free).
Figure
1: Location of normal microbial floral. Each of these areas of the body contain
their own microenvironment and various inhabitants of microbes. The human body
provides many unique environments for different bacterial communities to live.
In this context, scientists refer to the human body as the host. A positive host’s
microbe relationship is usually described as either mutuality or communalistic.
In mutualism both the host and the microbes benefit.
Which
is in contract to commensalisms, where one partner of the relationship Bonnets (usually
the microbe) and the other partner neither bereted nor harmed. In many cases it
may be difficult to establish whether a particular host microbes relationship
should be considered mutuality or communalistic, since scientists are only
beginning to understand the role of normal flora in human health. In other
words, individual microbes may be carrying out important functions within our
bodies that we have not yet discovered. Just as host—microbe relationships can
be positive or neutral, they can also be negative. Such a host—microbe
relationship is usually described as parasitic or pathogenic. In a parasitic
relationship the microbe bonnets at the expense of the host and similarly in a
pathogenic relationship the microbe causes damage to the host. In both cases
the cost to the host can vary from slight to fatal. Whether a host—microbe
relationship is “positive” or “negative” depends on many factors. And in most
cases the relationship will actually remain positive. The host provides a niche
and nutrition for the colonizing microbe and the microbe, occupies a space that
a potential parasite or pathogen might otherwise colonize. In these cases
microbial communities may even aid in digestion or synthesize nutrients for the
host. However, life is not always perfect, and in certain situations
good-standing members of your normal flora can cause disease or invading
pathogens can displace them. The result will be disease. To illustrate some of
these scenarios let’s take a closer look at microbial communities found in
different areas of the human body.
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