CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Infectious diseases are
leading cause of global mobility and mortality (Ryan, 2014). In 1990,
infections cause 16 million deaths, and in 2010, the number of deaths had
fallen to 15 million [W.H.O 2013]. The spread of infectious diseases result as
much from changes in human behavior. Including lifestyle and land use pattern,
increased trade and travel, and inappropriate use of antibiotic drugs as form
mutations in pathogens [Ngwai, 2010].Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia
coli are a major cause of various humans and animals infections. The
first causes skin and soft tissues infections, surgical site infections and
bone and joint infections. Staphylococcus aureus is a common
cause of hospital acquired bacteraemia and it is associated with hospital
acquired respiratory tract infections [Ryan, 2014]. E. coli is
the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTI) in humans [Foxman, 2010],
and is a leading cause of enteric infections and systemic infection [Ngwai,
2010].
The systemic infections
include bacteriamia, nosocomial pneumonia, cholecystitic, cholangitiz, and
peritonitis, cellulites, osteomycelitis and infection arthritis. E. coli
is also leading because of new meningitis [Kim, 2011]. A wide range of
antimicrobial agents effectively inhibit the growth of E. coli.
The β-lactase, fluorguninolones, amino glycosides and trimethoprim-sulfame
thoxoizole are often used to treat community and hospital infections due to E.
coli (Fast M-Bunzeluk, 2012). But antimicrobial resistant isolates,
especially those that are fluoroguinolone resistant and those producing bit
ended spectrum β-lactamonses have increased significantly during the 2,000s and
in certain area in many nococomial and community-acquired E. coli
are now resistant the several important antimicrobial classes (Ortega, 2009).
Penicillinase-resistant
penicillin’s, flucloxacilin, dicloxacillin) remain the antibiotics of choice
for the management of serious mehticillin susceptible S. aureus (M55A)
infections, but first generation cephalosporin (Cefaxiporin, Cephalothin and
cephalexin), clindamycin, lincomycin and erythromycin have important the
suspected roles in less serious MSSA infections such as skin and soft tissue
infections or in patients with penicillin hypersensitivity. All serious MR5A
infections should be treated with parental vancomycin or if the patient is
vancomycin allergic, (Wang H. Dzink, 2011).
Antibiotic’s
resistant staphylococci are major public health concern since the bacteria can
be easily circulated in the environment. Infections due to
methicililn-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MR5A) have increased
worldwide during the past twenty years (Pitout, 2012). Some report of S.
aureus isolate with intermediate or complete resistance to vancomycin
portend a chemotherapeutic era in which effective bactericidal antibiotics
against this organism may no longer be readily available (Pitout, 2012). Multiple
during-resistant S. aureus have
been frequently recovered from foodstuffs (Acc. Ferreira, 2011), water and
bio-film formulation (Doughti, 2011). Nasal mucosa of humans (Karezmarezyk, 2012).
This
paper aims to review the taxonomies, morphology and biochemical
characteristics, habitant and growth characteristics, the caused infections the
treatment and resistance to antibiotics of these two bacteria.
Even
though an individual has a “normal” skin flora it often happen that during his
or her life there are fluctuation in the composition of this florin due to
general health conditions, diet, hormonal activity, age and many other factors.
The
micro organisms most o which are bacteria comprise the normal skin flora also
termed the normal micro biota. They inhibit mainly the inner surfaces of the
body such as the mucous membrane of the oral cavity and genitourinary tract
most are highly adopted to survival and growth in this area despite physical
and chemical condition that discourage many other kind of micro-organisms.
Therefore
the termed normal skin flora implies that these microbes are harmless, and for
the most part that they do not cause disease and are oven beneficial. Most are
commensally, they benefit from the association with the host they benefit the
host in some fashion while thriving in the host body. It is of interest to
learn what these beneficial effects are and how they can be lost due to change
in the normal skin flora cause by the use of the antibiotics or other means,.
In
addition some normal skin flora organism can be opportunistic pathogen that is
they may cause infection if tissue occurred or at specific site or if the
resistance of the body to infection is decrease. This is especially importance
because in recent years there has been a rising incidence of infection and from
this micro organism arises.
FREQUENT VISITOR
THE MAJOR MICROBIAL SYMBIOTANT FOUND ON
OR IN THE SKIN OF HUMAN.
COURTESY OF B.C BLOCK AND J DUCAS, MAN
MICROBES AND MATTER (2010).
Microbes
that colonize the human body during birth or shortly thereafter remaining
throughout life are referred to as normal floral (Scheupelin, 2010). Normal floral
can be found in many sites of the human body including the skin (especially the
moist areas, such as the growing and between the toes), respiratory tract
(particularly the nose). Urinary tract
and the digestive tract (primarily the mouth and the colon). On the other hand,
areas of the body such as the brain, the circulatory system and the lungs are
intended to remain sterile (microbe free).
Figure
1: Location of normal microbial floral. Each of these areas of the body contain
their own microenvironment and various inhabitants of microbes. The human body
provides many unique environments for different bacterial communities to live.
In this context, scientists refer to the human body as the host. A positive host’s
microbe relationship is usually described as either mutuality or communalistic.
In mutualism both the host and the microbes benefit.
Which
is in contract to commensalisms, where one partner of the relationship Bonnets (usually
the microbe) and the other partner neither bereted nor harmed. In many cases it
may be difficult to establish whether a particular host microbes relationship
should be considered mutuality or communalistic, since scientists are only
beginning to understand the role of normal flora in human health. In other
words, individual microbes may be carrying out important functions within our
bodies that we have not yet discovered. Just as host—microbe relationships can
be positive or neutral, they can also be negative. Such a host—microbe
relationship is usually described as parasitic or pathogenic. In a parasitic
relationship the microbe bonnets at the expense of the host and similarly in a
pathogenic relationship the microbe causes damage to the host. In both cases
the cost to the host can vary from slight to fatal. Whether a host—microbe
relationship is “positive” or “negative” depends on many factors. And in most
cases the relationship will actually remain positive. The host provides a niche
and nutrition for the colonizing microbe and the microbe, occupies a space that
a potential parasite or pathogen might otherwise colonize. In these cases
microbial communities may even aid in digestion or synthesize nutrients for the
host. However, life is not always perfect, and in certain situations
good-standing members of your normal flora can cause disease or invading
pathogens can displace them. The result will be disease. To illustrate some of
these scenarios let’s take a closer look at microbial communities found in
different areas of the human body.
Human skin is not particularly rich
place for microbes to live. The skin surface is relatively dry, slightly acidic
and the primary source of nutrition is dead cells. This is an environment that
prevents the growth of many microorganisms, but a few have adapted to life on our
skin.
1.2 Statement
of Problem
i Escherichia coli
and Staphylococcus aureus have been
known as sources of skin infection of the human body, however because of their
reaction on the skin not everybody (Adult and Adolescent) can have problem with
this microorganisms, it may serve as a causes to those who suffer for boils,
scalded skin syndrome, osteomyelitis impetigo, carbuncles, style, chronic
ulceration of the skin wound and burn infections (Todar, 2010).
ii
Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aurues reaction or causes as an sources of skin
infection can be reduced by the help of antibiotics e.g Penicillin, Methicillin
and Cephalosporin (Ngwar, 2010
1.3 Aims and Objective
i To isolate some microorganisms present on
the human skin
ii To characterize and describe the resident
flora of the skin
iii To determine the infections and the
treatment to be used for isolated organisms
1.4 Justification
i The problem of Escherichia
coli and Staphyloccocus aureus are known to cause higher sources of skin
infection, when people are not using medicated and antiseptic soap to bathe and
antibiotics regularly but if they are using all this regularly Escherichia coli and Staphyloccocus aureus will not cause any
effect to the skin, (Noah S.A, 2008).
ii
When people are using anti-disinfectant and
medicated and antiseptic soap to bath, the E. coli and S. aureus
will not cause much skin infection and the skin will be free from any cause of
disease e.g carbuncles, Style and Pimples. (Balows, 2011).
iii
The entering or absorption of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus
aureus occur when the skin is not properly wash regularly (bathing regularly)
by using disinfectant, antiseptic and medicated soap at initial period so if
this apply regularly there would not be any skin disease again.(W.H.O, 2013)
iv
Antibiotics drugs is an essential requirement used
to attack any sources of skin infection been caused by micro-organism such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. So that whenever
the microorganism enter, there will be an attack of antibioitics been consumed
before the entrance of the bacteria, (Levmaires, 2008).
1.5 Scope of the Study
i
Isolation and characterization of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus from normal skin
flora.
ii
Laboratory identification of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus
aureus on skin normal flora.
iii Microbiological, Isolation and characterization
of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus made from normal
skin flora.
Order for full projects: #2000
Payments method: bank deposit / Bank Transfer
Skye Bank 1
Bank account name: Yekeen Idris Adeseun
Bank account number: 3026132730
GTB Bank 2
Bank account name: Yekeen Idris Adeseun
Bank account number:. 0165460421
Send your payments details to.....
Email: idrisyekeen7@gmail.com or 08167674702
- Your full name
- Your email that the documents will be sent to
- Your payments details
- Your mobile number
No comments:
Post a Comment