Escherichia coli Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococci epidermidis Streptococuss spp

CHAPTER ONE

1.0            Introduction

Source of skin infections

Infections disease are leading cause of global mobility and mortality (virtual mentor 2006). In 1990, infections cause 16 million deaths, and in 2010, the number of deaths had fallen to 15 million [ W.H.O 2013]. The spread of infectious diseases result as much from changes in human behavior. Including lifestyle and land use pattern, increased trade and travel, and inappropriate use of antibiotic drugs as form mutations in pathogens [ National intelligence council 2010].Staph locus aurous and Escherichia coli are a major cause of various humans and animals infections. The first causes skin and soft tissues infections, surgical site infections and bone and joint infections. Staphylococcus aureus is a common cause of hospital acquired  bacteraemia and it is associated with hospital acquired respiratory tract infections [Res J microbial 2011]. E.coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infections (UTI) in humans [ Nat Rev Urol 2010], and is a leading cause of enteric infections and systemic infection [ nature Rev microbial 2004].

          The systemic infections include bacteriamia, nosocomial pneumonia, cholecystitic, cholangitiz, peritonitis, cellolitis, osteomycelitis and infection arthritis. E.coli is also leading cause of newnatd  meninystis [curr opin infect dis 2012]. A wide range of antimicrobial agents effectively inhibit the growth of E.coli. The B-lactams, fluorganinolones, aminoglycosides and trimethoprim-sulfame thoxoizole are often used to treat community and hospital infections due to E-coli (expert Rev Anti infect ther, 2012), but antonricrubial resistant isolutes, especially those that are fluoroguinolone resistant and those producing bitended spectrum B-lactamonses have increased significantly during the 2,000s and in certain areains many nococomial and community-acquired E-coli are now resistant the several important antimicrobial classes (expert Anti infect their, 2012).

          Penicillinase-resistant penicillins/ flucloxacilin, dicloxacillin) remain the antibiotics of choice for the management of serious mehticillinsusceptible 5.aureus
(M55A) infections, but first generation cephalosporins (cefaxrolin, cephalothin and cephalexin), clindamycin, lincomycin and orythromycin have important thesupentic roles in less serious MSSA infections such as skin and soft tissue infections or in patients with penicillin hypersensitivity. All serious MR5A infections should be treated with parenteral vancomycin or if the patient is vancomycin allergic, teicoplanin (inter med J 2005).

          Antibioticcs resistant staphylococci are major public health concern since the bacteria can be easily circulated in the environment. Infections due to methicililn-resistant staphylococcus aurenue (MR5A) have increased worldwide during the past twenty years (J Antimicrob Chemother, 2005; mortal Wkly Rep. 2010) some report of S. aureus isolate with intermediate or complete resistance to vancommyian portend a chamotherapentic era in which effective bactericitleal antibiotics against this organism may no longer be randily available (J Antimicrob chemothe 1997, mortal wkly Rep. 2002) multiple dring-resistant 5. Aureus have been frequently recovered from foodstuffs (Res J microbial. 2011), water and biofilm formulation (Braz J oral sci. 2007) nasal mucosa of humans (Food microbial, 2003), clinical cases (int. J. Infect. Dis.2010 and livestock clinic. Microbial. Infect. 2008).

          This paper aims to review the taxonomies, morphology and biochemical characteristics, habitant and growth characteristics, the caused infections the treatment and resistance to antibiotics of these two bacteria.

          Even though an individual has a “normal” skin florin it often happen that during his or her life there are fluctuation in the composition of this florin due to general health conditions, diet, hormonal activity, age and many other factors.

          The micro organisms most o which are bacteria comprise the normal skin floria also termed the normal microbiota. They inhibit mainly the inner surfaces of the body such as the mucous membrane of the oral curity and genitourinary tract most are highly adopted to survival and growth in this area despite physical and chemical condition that discourage many other kind of micro-organisms.

          Therefore the termed normal skin flora implies that these microbe are harmless, and for the most part that they do not cause disease and are oven beneficial. Most are commensal, they benefit from the association with the host they benefit the host in some fashion while thriving in the host body. It is of interest to learn what these beneficial effects are and how they can be lost due to change in the normal skin flora cause by the use of the antibiotics or other means,.

          In addition some normal skin flora organism can be opportunistic pathogen that is they may cause infection if tissue occurred or at specific site or if the resistance of the body to infection is decrease. This is especially importance because in recent years there has been a rising incidence of infection and from these micro organism arise.

Order for full projects: #2000

Payments method: bank deposit / Bank Transfer

                         Skye Bank 1

Bank account name:          Yekeen Idris Adeseun

Bank account number:      3026132730

                           GTB Bank 2

Bank account name:       Yekeen Idris Adeseun

Bank account number:.       0165460421

Send your payments details to..... 

Email:  idrisyekeen7@gmail.com or 08167674702

1. Your full name
2. Your email that the documents will be sent to
3. Your payments details
4. Your mobile number